SISMUN DELEGATE GUIDE
Everything you need to prepare, debate, and win Best Delegate
Alshouf International School Model United Nations — SISMUN '26/27
Head of Training: Hady Arafat
Deputy Head of Training: Ahmad
Trainers
This year's theme:
Navigating Uncertainty: Diplomacy in an Interconnected World.
Table of Contents
1. Essential MUN Glossary
2. Introduction to MUN
a. The United Nations b. Introduction to MUN c. Introduction to SISMUN
d. This Year's Theme e. Welcoming Words
3. Understanding Your Role as a Delegate
4. How to Prepare for MUN as a Delegate
a. Researching Your Country b. Researching the Committee & Topic
c. Reliable Research Sources d. Country Profile Framework
e. Position Papers f. Prepare Your Documents
5. Opening Speeches
6. Introduction to Debate Elements
a. Lobbying and Merging b. Resolution Drafting c. Amendments
7. MUN Protocols, Formalities & Rules of Procedure
a. General Formalities b. Roll Call c. Rules of Procedure d. Voting Rules
8. Introduction to Debate Types
a. Flow of a Formal Debate b. Moderated & Unmoderated Caucuses
c. Open Debate d. Ad Hoc Debate e. Crisis Scenario f. Working Papers & Resolutions
9. How to Be Best Delegate
a. Diplomacy and Decorum b. Building Consensus and Negotiations
c. The Best Delegate Formula d. Advice to Experienced Delegates
10. This Year's SISMUN Committees
11. Conference Day Checklist
1. Essential MUN Glossary
Before diving into procedure, it helps to know the vocabulary. Refer back to this section any time an unfamiliar term comes up.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Board of Directors | The MUN director and their assistant(s) — typically the main organizers of the conference, responsible for planning, logistics, academics, etc. |
| Secretary-General (SG) | The head of the secretariat, in charge of all administrative tasks, public relations, operations, and overall supervision of the conference. |
| Under Secretary-General | Other secretariat members who assist the SG in managing all aspects of the conference. |
| Delegate | A representative of a country, figure, or organization who introduces policy suggestions and works to pass them with the votes of other delegates, using speeches, lobbying, negotiation, and resolution drafting. |
| Chair / Chairing Panel | Helps moderate discussion based on the committee's Rules of Procedure — manages speaking time, motions, and votes, and evaluates delegates for awards. |
| Double Delegation | Two delegates who collaborate to represent a single entity in a committee. |
| Placard | A sign (cardboard or paper) with the entity's name on it, used to show presence, vote, and signal the chair. |
| Out of Order | Actions that are not allowed according to the Rules of Procedure. |
| Rules of Procedure (RoP) | The rules that govern how an MUN committee is run. |
| Position Paper / Country Profile | A document outlining a country's perspective on an issue, its connection to it, and its policy proposals. In some conferences, this is submitted to the chair. |
| Motion | A formal request made by a delegate — for example, to move into a type of caucus or to move to a vote. |
| Point | A request raised by a delegate for various reasons, such as a personal issue they're facing ("point of personal privilege"). |
| Second | Support given by another delegate to a proposed motion so it can be voted on by the committee. A motion with no seconds fails automatically. |
| Decorum | Order and quiet in the committee room. When the chair calls "Decorum, delegates," everyone must be quiet and return to their seats. |
| Voting Procedure | The period after debate ends when the committee votes on amendments and draft resolutions. Nobody may enter or leave the room during voting procedure. |
| Abstention | Choosing to vote neither for nor against a motion or resolution. |
| Simple Majority | 50% or more of the vote — the threshold needed to pass most procedural votes and resolutions. |
| Bloc | A group of delegations with similar stances that work together during lobbying and merging. Delegates may only lobby and merge with allies and neutrals, and a new bloc is required for each topic. |
| Roll Call | The formal process, at the start of a session, of calling each country or delegation by name to record attendance. |
| Present | The roll-call response indicating a delegate is in the room and may vote with, against, or abstain. |
| Present and Voting | The roll-call response indicating a delegate is eligible to vote but cannot abstain. |
| Agenda Setting | The process of choosing and prioritizing which topics will be debated during a session. |
| General Speakers' List (GSL) | The default mode of debate: a list, maintained by the chair, of delegates who wish to speak, in the order they requested the floor. |
| Yielding | Giving up the remaining speaking time or the floor — to the chair, to Points of Information, or to another delegate. |
| Open Debate | An informal, unmoderated debate style where delegates speak and negotiate freely without strict order or raised placards. |
| Moderated Caucus | A structured, chair-recognized discussion format with a set total time and individual speaking time, focused on a specific subtopic. |
| Unmoderated Caucus | An informal session (also called a lobbying session) where delegates move freely around the room to negotiate, form blocs, and draft documents without time limits or chair moderation. |
| Consultation of the Whole (CotW) | An informal format in which the current speaker chooses the next speaker; the delegate who requested the CotW holds the floor as long as they like, and this continues until time runs out. |
| Resolution | A formal proposal, made up of preambulatory and operative clauses, that outlines solutions to a topic and is voted on by the committee. |
| Clause | A section of a resolution — either a preambulatory clause or an operative clause. |
| Preambulatory Clause | A clause that introduces the topic and gives context for the resolution as a whole. |
| Operative Clause | A clause that states a proposed solution to the issue (not a fact). Most resolutions have 3–6 operative clauses. |
| Main Submitter / Sponsor | The delegate responsible for introducing and presenting a resolution, leading its discussion and defense, and answering POIs. |
| Co-Submitter / Signatory | A delegate who helped develop a resolution or working paper and is listed as a supporter, without necessarily agreeing with every clause. |
| Amendment | A formal proposal to modify part of a resolution or working paper (by striking, adding, or rephrasing), subject to debate and/or committee approval. |
| Friendly Amendment | An amendment proposed by a co-submitter and accepted by consensus of all sponsors, without formal debate or a vote. |
| Unfriendly Amendment | An amendment proposed by a delegate who is not a co-submitter of the resolution; it requires debate and a committee vote. |
| Point of Information (POI) | A question asked of a delegate after they finish a speech or presentation, usually phrased as "Is the delegate aware that…" |
| Working Paper | A preliminary document of raw ideas and clauses drafted during lobbying, reviewed informally by the chair with no formal signatures or vote required. |
| Right of Reply | A formal request to speak, granted when a delegation's national integrity has been directly insulted or misrepresented in another delegate's speech. |
2. Introduction to MUN
a. The United Nations
Before we get into MUN, let's talk about the United Nations! The United Nations (UN) is an organization founded on October 24, 1945, whose main goal is to maintain world peace and ensure international security, as well as forming allies and friendly relations between nations in order to cooperate and achieve better living conditions and appropriate human rights. The United Nations is informally referred to as the UN — hence the name MUN, which spells out Model United Nations.
b. Introduction to MUN
Model United Nations is a conference found in many schools and universities in which students are given the opportunity to represent different delegations in committees present in the UN, discussing topics concerning human rights, national security, and much more. During the days of an MUN conference, delegates come together to write and debate resolutions to help solve issues our world is undergoing. The purpose of an MUN conference is to give youth a source to explore different mindsets and points of view as well as developing their own — while also giving them the opportunity to dig into different cultural ideologies and debate in their positions.
Why it matters: MUN builds confidence, leadership, research skill, teamwork, and global awareness — while training you to argue a position that may not be your own. As a delegate, you will:
Represent a country and defend its national interests.
Debate international issues with opposing and allied delegations.
Collaborate to write and pass binding or non-binding resolutions.
Develop public speaking, negotiation, research, and leadership skills.
c. Introduction to SISMUN
Alshouf International School MUN is a conference put together and managed by SIS students that takes place over the course of three days. This conference gives delegates the chance to have a say in global politics for three days by representing major political figures and countries in the United Nations. For three days, delegates step out of their own minds and represent the viewpoints of other countries or advocates, debating resolutions in hopes of passing ones that satisfy their delegations' stances. SISMUN is an experience to remember. (Detailed information is mentioned in the Secretary-General's letter.)
d. Introducing This Year's Theme: A Glitch in the System — Navigating a Maze of Uncertainty
The world today is more interconnected than ever before. While this connectivity creates opportunities for cooperation and progress, it also brings new challenges and uncertainties. Political tensions, economic instability, social change, armed conflicts, and rapid technological advancements continue to reshape the international landscape, often with consequences that reach far beyond national borders. As global challenges become increasingly interconnected, addressing one issue often requires understanding its impact on many others. In this rapidly changing environment, resilience, adaptability, and international cooperation are more important than ever. These realities remind us that even the strongest international systems must continuously evolve. This year’s conference invites delegates to analyze the most pressing global challenges, recognize the connections between them, and work collaboratively through diplomacy, dialogue, and negotiation to develop practical and sustainable solutions. The objective is not to find perfect answers, but to build consensus, adapt to an evolving world, and contribute meaningfully to a more stable, peaceful, and cooperative international community.
e. Welcoming Words
We most importantly advise all our delegates, chairs, deputies, and presidents to make the best out of this three-day learning journey. SISMUN is truly an unforgettable experience — enjoy your time, but don't forget that the world's safety is in your hands!
3. Understanding Your Role as a Delegate
Every delegate represents their assigned country or entity — not their personal beliefs. Your responsibility is to speak and act strictly according to your country's foreign policy, even when it conflicts with your own opinions. Being a good delegate means balancing your country's national interests with the pressure to cooperate globally.
Core Responsibilities
Maintain your country's policy, historical stance, and government system.
Understand your geopolitical alliances and rivalries.
Evaluate proposed solutions based on whether your country would realistically support them.
Know what solutions your country would realistically support, and be ready to defend them.
Golden Rule: Inserting your own personal opinion instead of your country's official policy compromises your credibility and weakens your standing with the Chairing Panel — the moment personal opinion slips in, a case becomes weak and biased in the eyes of the chair.
4. How to Prepare for MUN as a Delegate
Preparation prior to the conference is essential — lobbying, merging, and unmoderated caucuses on Day 1 move too quickly for real-time research.
a. Researching Your Country
Geography, economy, and government structure.
Major allies, regional rivals, and enemies.
Conflicts or tensions the country is involved in.
Memberships in international bodies (UN, NATO, Arab League, EU, G20, etc.).
b. Researching the Committee & Topic
What the committee actually does (e.g., UNHRC, WHO, Security Council).
Background of the issue and previous UN action on it.
Real statistics, case studies, and past policy successes or failures.
Understanding the topic: begin by thoroughly understanding the topic assigned for the conference — this may involve breaking it down into subtopics or specific issues.
Considering multiple perspectives: don't just focus on your own country's perspective — consider the positions of other countries, NGOs, and international bodies too. This helps you anticipate opposing arguments and potential allies.
Analyzing your country's stance: based on your research, determine your country's historical and current stance on the topic, influenced by its interests, values, and alliances. Consider how it has voted on relevant UN resolutions in the past.
Preparing arguments and evidence: develop persuasive arguments supported by factual evidence, statistics, and case studies, and be ready to counter opposing arguments with well-reasoned responses.
Identifying key policy objectives: clearly define the policy outcomes you want your country to achieve during the conference.
c. Reliable Research Sources
United Nations: un.org/en
Council on Foreign Relations (CFR): cfr.org
Brookings Institution: brookings.edu
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: carnegieendowment.org
World Bank: worldbank.org/en/home
International Monetary Fund (IMF): imf.org/en/Home
World Health Organization (WHO) / UN Foundation: unfoundation.org
Reuters: reuters.com
BBC News: bbc.com/news
Al Jazeera: aljazeera.com
Note: always critically evaluate the credibility and reliability of your sources, and cite them properly in your research. Remember that delegates are assigned countries and positions that may not necessarily align with their personal beliefs — the goal is to represent the assigned country's interests to the best of your ability, even if it differs from your own opinions.
d. Country Profile Framework
A country profile is a document that provides essential information about the country a delegate is representing. Most conferences (including SISMUN) don't require you to submit it, but building one privately is what lets you debate and lobby effectively, and understand your country's stance during lobbying and merging.
| Category | Details to Research |
|---|---|
| Physical & General | Country name, flag, capital city, region, size of country. |
| Government & Political | Head of State, Head of Government, type of government, allies, enemies, foreign policy, major international agreements, current issues, and policy positions (the country's official stance on topics relevant to the conference agenda). |
| Economic | Currency, major exports and imports, trading partners, GDP (Gross Domestic Product). |
| Culture & Social | Languages, ethnic composition, religion, population. |
e. Position Papers
A position paper is a formal, one-page document outlining your country's official stance on the committee's topics.
Standard Structure
Topic Introduction / Country Background — a brief overview of the issue from a global perspective, and your country's past actions, treaties signed, and historical involvement.
Current Position — your country's current national stance and assessment of the issue.
Proposed Solutions — specific action items, initiatives, and framework recommendations your country supports.
Key Guidelines
Write formally and diplomatically.
Incorporate real statistics and cite official agreements.
Avoid first-person personal pronouns (I, me, my); stay consistent with your country's actual policy and keep it concise.
f. Prepare Your Documents
Position paper
Opening speech
Research notes / country profile
Draft resolution ideas and possible clauses
A bank of facts and statistics ready to cite mid-debate
5. Opening Speeches
Delegates are required to present an opening speech before debate proceeds — usually on the second day of the conference. Delegates are expected to prepare their speeches prior to the conference. The opening speech is a brief statement given in 1–2 minutes .
Speech Structure
Hook — an interesting quote or statement (optional).
Formal greeting — greet the Chairing Panel members and fellow delegates.
Introduce your delegation.
Stance statement — state your delegation's perspective on the committee's topics.
Concluding words / call to action.
Yield the floor back to the chair.
Speech Template
“Mr./Ms. President, honorable chairs, distinguished delegates. The delegate of [Country Name] is honored to be part of the conference. The delegate believes the issues to be discussed require immediate, decisive action to ensure global stability. Regarding the first topic, [Country Name] maintains that [brief stance]. On the second topic, we urge the committee to focus on [brief stance]. The delegate hopes this will be a prosperous conference in which we reach effective solutions for the issues at hand. Thank you. The delegate of [Country Name] yields the floor back to the Chair.”
Sample Speech (Delegate of the Russian Federation)
“Dyllan McGee said: ‘You can make things happen. You're in control of change,’ isn't that what the UN is about?
Mrs. President, Deputy President, esteemed chairs and fellow delegates, I am honored to stand before you today as the delegate of the Russian Federation. The delegate of Russia is honored to take part in this year's SISMUN. Our delegation is eager to engage in constructive dialogue and collaboration to address the pressing issues before us.
In our discussions, Russia is committed to upholding the principles of international law, sovereignty, and respect for every member state's position. We are here to seek common ground, build partnerships, and contribute to meaningful solutions that benefit us all.
Throughout this conference, you can expect Russia to approach the topics at hand with seriousness and a spirit of cooperation. We value diplomacy, and we believe in open dialogue as the path to resolving even the most complex challenges.
Thank you for your attention. The delegate of Russia is looking forward to a productive and fruitful debate. The delegate of Russia yields the floor back to the chair.”
Protocol Rules
The use of personal pronouns is prohibited. Refer to yourself as “The delegate of X believes…” or use third-person/plural national pronouns (“we,” “us,” “our”) — never “I.”
Never address another delegate as “you” — refer to them by their delegation/country, never by personal name.
6. Introduction to Debate Elements
a. Lobbying and Merging
Every MUN conference begins with the process of lobbying and merging — a meeting or dialogue between allied delegates to draft resolutions based on the topics and problems provided by the committee beforehand. Based on each delegate's research and stance, delegates begin writing clauses that will help solve the assigned problem. Lobbying and merging is split into two main phases:
Lobbying — the discussions and negotiations of ideas and country stances between delegates in an assigned group.
Merging — combining ideas between delegates to generate one unified solution for the assigned topic.
Delegates may only lobby and merge with allies and neutral countries on a given topic — never with countries actively opposed to their stance — and a new bloc is required for each topic. Mental note: use lobbying and merging time effectively, since time is limited and should be used to the best of your ability to create the strongest possible resolution.
b. Resolution Drafting
Drafting a resolution is the outcome of lobbying and merging, and is one of the most important and fundamental aspects of an MUN conference. The final product of committee work, resolutions reflect the combined efforts of the delegates to solve the issue at hand.
Introducing the Resolution
Every resolution must open by identifying the forum, the topic, and the main submitter and co-submitters, for example:
Forum: CSTD
Topic: Controlling Big Tech and the Storage of Big Data
Main Submitter: Meta
Co-Submitters: South Korea, Amazon, Microsoft
Main Submitter vs. Co-Submitter
| Main Submitter / Sponsor | Co-Submitter / Signatory |
|---|---|
| Contributes to writing the resolution; is the delegate chosen by the bloc to represent it when reading the resolution to the committee; reads the operative clauses aloud, explains them, and answers all POIs on the resolution. | Contributes to writing the resolution but does not take a major part in the debate; can submit friendly amendments to the chairing panel after the debate ends. |
Preambulatory Clause Structure
Preambulatory clauses give delegates a brief introduction to the topic/issue and context for the resolution as a whole. Before delegates present the solution, they typically give around 5–6 points of context. Formatting rule: the starting words of preambulatory clauses are bold and underlined, and each clause ends with a comma — not a full stop. Example (from a resolution on illegal activities in Belarus, UNODC):
Alarmed by the rapid increase in migrants and refugees entering Belarus and the economic strains that follow in containing the harsh living conditions migrants are undergoing in Belarus,
Keeping in mind the economic crisis that Belarus is currently going through and the responsibility that surrounding European countries hold in deflating conflict and supporting Belarus,
Fully aware of the unnecessary use of violence and brutal force against civilians by law enforcement,
Operative Clause Structure
The operative clause is the main element of any resolution — it states the actual solutions proposed by the bloc writing the resolution (not facts). There are usually 3–6 operative clauses, though the number varies by committee. Formatting rules:
A clause headline always starts with a bold, underlined word (e.g., “Recommends,” “Considers”) and ends with a semicolon.
Sub-clauses and sub-sub clauses end with commas.
The very last sub-sub clause in the entire resolution ends with a full stop.
Example operative clause:
Recommends nations to consider the development of the economy with technological uses, so as to also prevent increased percentages of unemployment;
a. To prevent structural unemployment by,
i. Expanding job opportunities for replaced laborers,
ii. Declaring re-training systems for laborers,
b. By doing such but not limited to,
i. Laborers should start working with technology and machines, getting familiar with IT, machines, and computers,
ii. Encouraging students on to specialize in technologically oriented degrees,
iii. Educational systems should start focusing and working on technological development since the world relies on it now.
Considers improving the skills of the public and private schools and university students by;
a. Teaching them entrepreneurship,
i. Promotes self-employment,
ii. Able to handle lay-off shocks more easily,
b. Making it mandatory to take two majors in university,
i. Second major should mandatorily be a newly discovered specialty, as technology will not take over specialties that have been recently discovered, but instead old stereotypical jobs. Also, technological advancements will increase the demand for skilled workers and expertise in new specialties,
ii. This will enable workers to have a second chance of employment in other fields if technological advancements have taken over their old occupations.
Overall Resolution Structure
Forum:
Main Submitter:
Co-Submitters
*preambulatory clauses:
{why we are writing this clause} (concerned that, alarmed by, aware that...)
*operative clauses
{solution to said problem} (urges, suggests, considers, calls upon)
*sub clause {explains the vague operative clause} — a, b, c
*sub-sub clause {explains the sub clause} — i, ii, iii, iv, v...
Preambulatory Clause Starters
Affirming, Alarmed by, Approving, Aware of, Bearing in mind, Believing, Confident, Contemplating, Convinced, Declaring, Deeply concerned, Deeply conscious, Deeply convinced, Deeply disturbed, Deeply regretting, Desiring, Emphasizing, Expecting, Expressing its appreciation, Expressing its satisfaction, Fulfilling, Fully alarmed, Fully aware, Fully believing, Further deploring, Further recalling, Guided by, Having adopted, Having considered, Having considered further, Having devoted attention, Having examined, Having heard, Having received, Having studied, Keeping in mind, Noting with regret, Noting with deep concern, Noting with satisfaction, Noting further, Noting with approval, Observing, Reaffirming, Realizing, Recalling, Recognizing, Referring, Seeking, Taking into account, Taking into consideration, Taking note, Viewing with appreciation, Welcoming.
Operative Clause Starters
Accepts, Affirms, Approves, Authorizes, Calls, Calls upon, Condemns, Confirms, Congratulates, Considers, Declares accordingly, Deplores, Designates, Draws the attention, Emphasizes, Encourages, Endorses, Expresses its appreciation, Expresses its hope, Further invites, Further proclaims, Further reminds, Further recommends, Further requests, Further resolves, Has resolved, Notes, Proclaims, Reaffirms, Recommends, Regrets, Reminds, Requests, Solemnly affirms, Strongly condemns, Strongly urges, Supports, Takes note of, Transmits, Trusts.
c. Amendments
An amendment is a proposed modification or addition to a draft resolution under committee consideration — a change made to improve the resolution and address its weaknesses. Amendments are subject to debate, and if approved, become integral parts of the final resolution.
Forms of Amendment
Striking out a clause, sub-clause, or sub-sub clause.
Adding a clause, sub-clause, or sub-sub clause.
Rephrasing a clause, sub-clause, or sub-sub clause.
Types of Amendments
Friendly Amendment — submitted by a co-submitter of the resolution; all co-submitters must agree, in which case it is automatically accepted without debate.
Unfriendly Amendment — submitted by a delegate who did not help write the resolution (a third party, not a main or co-submitter); it is debated using the same format as resolutions, then accepted or rejected by a committee vote.
Key Points
Delegates must give a brief speech outlining the change they wish to make and explaining how it will improve the resolution.
The purpose of an amendment must be to strengthen the resolution's content — don't submit one unless you have a valid justification; chairs notice padding.
An amendment isn't required to follow a particular format, as long as it clearly describes the change and its justification.
7. MUN Protocols, Formalities & Rules of Procedure
a. General Formalities
The use of personal pronouns is prohibited during the conference. A delegate refers to themselves by saying “The delegate of X believes…” or by using third-person/plural pronouns (“we,” “us,” “our”) — because delegates represent entities, not themselves. Delegates also don't address each other as “you,” but rather by delegation.
b. Roll Call
At the beginning of each session, the chair initiates a roll call to determine the quorum. The delegate is expected to reply with “Present” or “Present and Voting” when their allocation is called.
Present — the delegate may vote with, against, or abstain (remain neutral) on substantive votes.
Present and Voting — the delegate forfeits the right to abstain and must vote “yes” or “no” on all substantive matters.
c. Rules of Procedure (RoP)
The Rules of Procedure are the basis for diplomatic debate at an MUN conference. These guidelines direct delegates toward creative solutions to global concerns within an organized and respectful atmosphere.
Points in MUN
Point of Inquiry — asking the chairing panel a question about a Rules-of-Procedure matter the delegate doesn't understand.
Point of Parliamentary Procedure — used when a delegate feels procedure isn't being followed correctly.
Point of Information (POI) — typically raised after a delegate finishes speaking (a resolution, amendment, or speech); delegates question each other about the points presented (e.g., “Is the delegate aware that…”). To request another POI in the same moment, ask the chair for a “request to follow up,” which may be granted or denied.
Point of Personal Privilege — used when a delegate has a concern unrelated to the argument (e.g., asking another delegate to speak more loudly); it can interrupt a speaker only if it pertains to audibility.
Point of Order — used when a member wants to address false information stated by another member, or flag an error in the Chair's procedural execution.
Motions in MUN
Motions are the driving force of debate — they let delegates make suggestions, participate in discussions, and craft resolutions with strategic skill. Delegates raise placards to make a motion.
Motion to approach the chairing panel — requested for a specific purpose.
Motion to clap — used to request applause for any occurrence in the committee.
Motion to open debate — moves into an open-debate format with fewer protocols.
Motion for a moderated caucus — specifies total caucus time and individual speaker time, to discuss topic details.
Motion for an unmoderated caucus — moves into a free, unmoderated discussion session.
Motion to move into time ‘Against’ — made by those wishing to speak against a resolution.
Motion to move into time ‘For’ — made by those wishing to speak in favor of a resolution.
Motion to move to voting procedure — made when a delegate feels a topic has been thoroughly discussed, moving the committee to a vote.
Motion to extend Points of Information — requests another round of POIs; seconded by delegates who also wish to give more POIs.
Motion to extend debate time — extends the time allotted for debate.
Motion to extend the speakers list — extends the General Speakers' List.
Motion to reconsider a resolution — reopens debate on a resolution that has already been voted on.
Motion to set the agenda — used to choose which topic will be debated first.
Motion to introduce a working paper, draft resolution, or amendment.
Right to Reply — requested (often in writing) when a delegation's national integrity has been insulted or misrepresented during another delegate's speech.
Most motions require a vote from the delegates in the house to pass; the exact voting procedure will vary by committee.
Yields in MUN
Yielding indicates that a delegate has finished speaking (usually after a speech or a round of POIs). A delegate can yield:
To the Chair — concludes the speaking turn.
To Points of Information — opens the remaining time to questions from other delegates.
To another delegate — passes the remaining speaking time to a designated delegate (who cannot yield it elsewhere).
Example: “The delegate yields the floor back to the chair.”
d. Voting Rules & Precedence of Motions
Procedural votes — mandatory for all delegates, with no abstentions allowed (e.g., setting the agenda, caucus motions, procedural amendments).
Substantive votes — apply to draft resolutions and unfriendly amendments; abstentions are permitted only for delegates who answered “Present” (not “Present and Voting”) at roll call.
Precedence — when multiple motions are proposed at once, the chair votes on them from most disruptive to least disruptive: first unmoderated caucuses (ranked by duration), then moderated caucuses (ranked by duration/specificity).
8. Introduction to Debate Types
a. The Flow of a Formal (Normal) Debate
The stages leading up to Formal Debate are concluded between the first and second day, where lobbying and merging are conducted to draft resolutions and opening speeches are given. Once the first debate session begins, formal debate procedure is in practice, with emphasis on the speakers list.
After the Chairing Panel allows delegates to raise their placards, they may join the speakers list. Once delegates have had time to prepare their arguments and the resolution has been read, formal debate is carried out according to the speakers list. With a set duration, delegates debate the resolution's clauses through Points of Information.
After POIs, the floor opens for friendly and unfriendly amendments. Friendly amendments are automatically implemented if all sponsors agree; unfriendly amendments are debated using the same procedure and voted on by the committee. Afterward, speeches for and against the (amended) resolution are given, encouraging the house to vote for or against it. Finally, the committee moves into a voting procedure, where delegates vote for, against, or abstain.
Session Flow, Step by Step
Roll Call.
Setting the agenda — choosing the topic to be debated in the session.
The main submitter of the resolution approaches the podium, reads the operative clauses, and gives a short speech urging the house to vote for the resolution. If open to POIs, the chair opens the floor for questions and the main submitter answers them.
The floor opens for amendments (friendly or unfriendly); these are debated, and the speeches given for or against them are also debated.
Unfriendly amendments are voted on and implemented only if they pass.
After amendments, speakers are asked to give speeches for or against the resolution as a whole; these speeches are also debated.
At the end, delegates vote for or against the resolution as a whole. By clear majority, resolutions either pass or fail.
b. Moderated & Unmoderated Caucuses
Moderated Caucus (MOD)
A moderated caucus is a more flexible debate format that lets delegates discuss specific points or subtopics. Since committee topics are usually broad, a delegate motions for a moderated caucus to cover aspects that were ignored or only briefly discussed during formal debate. Rules of Procedure are suspended for this format — there's no speakers list; anyone who wishes to speak raises their placard until recognized by the chair. No yields are permitted during a moderated caucus.
Example motion: “The delegate of France would like to raise a moderated caucus on the topic of increasing awareness on domestic abuse for a total time period of 5 minutes and individual speakers' time of 1 minute.”
Unmoderated Caucus (UNMOD)
An unmoderated caucus — sometimes called a lobbying session — lets delegates move from their seats to talk to others freely, in the groupings of their choice. UNMODs are used to write working papers, draft resolutions, and lobby other nations to support your stance; they also give the chairing panel and admin staff space to organize.
Example motion: “The delegate of France motions for a 20-minute unmoderated caucus to work on the working paper.”
c. Open Debate
Open debate is a very flexible format in which all Rules of Procedure are suspended and delegates freely negotiate topics without raising placards. Although not moderated by the chair, delegates are expected to remain respectful and listen to each other's points. The chair may end the session whenever it becomes unfruitful or too crowded.
d. Ad Hoc Debate
Special committees, such as the Security Council and CSTD, follow a different procedure known as Ad Hoc debating, made up of run-on moderated and unmoderated caucus sessions with many Rules of Procedure suspended (such as follow-ups) to keep debate time-efficient.
Ad Hoc debate is a format used to produce resolutions quickly and fairly. In normal debate, one member proposes a resolution which is debated, amended, and voted on by the committee as a whole. In an Ad Hoc debate, members submit clauses individually; each is debated, amended, and then added to or rejected from the resolution based on a vote. The advantage is that delegations aren't required to write an entire resolution, and more delegations get the chance to submit material for debate.
e. Crisis Scenario
A Model UN crisis is unpredictable, incalculable, and inconsistent by design. Crisis officers may enter a committee at any moment between the second and third day. Each crisis differs based on the committee and the topics at hand, introducing a new issue that requires delegates to lobby and merge once again in order to draft resolutions addressing it. After a given period, resolutions are sent to the chairing panel, which yields the floor to each main submitter, and formal debate procedure is carried out once more. In most crisis scenarios, a motion for a moderated or unmoderated caucus will be granted to keep the atmosphere engaging for everyone. Expect this, and keep some flexibility in your preparation rather than over-committing to one narrative.
f. Working Papers, Draft Resolutions & Resolutions
| Phase | Description & Requirements |
|---|---|
| Working Paper | A preliminary document of raw ideas and informal clauses compiled during unmoderated caucuses. Requires only informal review by the Chair — no formal signatures or voting. |
| Draft Resolution | A formatted document containing formal preambulatory and operative clauses. Must be formally approved by the Chair and contain the required number of sponsors and signatories. |
| Resolution | A Draft Resolution that successfully passes a final substantive vote by the committee. Requires a simple majority (50% + 1) of present-and-voting delegates. |
9. How to Be Best Delegate
Achieving the Best Delegate award is a strenuous mission, but not impossible. Steps range from forming relationships and building a friendly reputation among delegates, to strictly practicing proper debate and committee procedure.
a. Diplomacy and Decorum
MUN diplomacy involves negotiating and collaborating with fellow delegates to effectively address global issues, requiring negotiation skills, alliance-building, and finding common ground. It emphasizes exchanging ideas, seeking compromises, and crafting collaborative resolutions. Decorum entails maintaining professionalism, using courteous language, and actively listening — delegates must refrain from personal attacks or disruptive behavior, fostering a respectful atmosphere for productive discussion.
Official Formalities and General Rules
A hardworking delegate respects all the refined MUN formalities and general rules — not speaking out of order, using a formal tone, and never doubting the chairing panel's decisions even when they don't seem to be in the delegate's best interest. Stand while speaking, and address the chairing panel with the correct formalities: “honorable chair,” “sir” or “ma'am,” “please,” and “thank you.” Interrupting another delegate is equivalent to insulting their work — it's impolite and devastates the debate flow. Respecting a peer's statement instead helps you improve your own debate skills and formulate new agreements and arguments. Submitting thoughtful amendments and writing speeches for and against will help you build an intelligent reputation that catches the chairing panel's attention. Standing up for Points of Information gives an advantage — just remember not to ask for a follow-up once you've been denied.
Adopted Policies and Perspectives
A good delegate comes prepared before the conference begins — devoted to proper research on the topics, policies, and perspectives of your own delegation and all included parties. Know your enemies and allies and who shares similar views on the topics. If the topic mentions your delegation directly, research all aspects and weaknesses that opposing associates may use against you, and learn how to counteract and neutralize the situation.
b. Building Consensus and Negotiations
During debate, the best delegate always builds a case to compromise and negotiate. The moment personal opinion is included, a case crashes and is considered weak and biased. Before engaging with any other delegation, research who you're engaging with. Ask yourself:
What is their delegation, and what are they actually trying to achieve?
Who are their known allies?
What issues are they facing as a country and as a delegation?
What do they want?
What can you offer?
Be diplomatic: listen actively to opposing points, build alliances early (even informally), avoid aggressive or personal language, and stay calm even when challenged directly. Be strategic: work with delegates who share your interests, form blocs as early as possible, offer compromises instead of ultimatums, and back every position with facts, not assertions.
c. The Best Delegate Formula
Speak often, but with quality — every intervention should move the debate forward, not just make you visible.
Lead blocs and negotiations — confident delegates who take initiative during lobbying naturally attract followers.
Write or co-write resolutions — being a main submitter is one of the clearest signals of leadership a chair sees.
Stay in character — never let personal opinion slip into your country's stance.
Be respectful and diplomatic — awards go to delegates who are both confident and cooperative; aggression reads as weak strategy, not strength.
Use facts, statistics, and real UN actions — this is what separates a credible argument from an opinion.
Respect the chairing panel's authority, even when a ruling doesn't go your way — arguing with the chair costs more than it gains.
Stand while speaking, use correct formalities, and never interrupt another delegate.
Submit thoughtful amendments and volunteer for POIs — but don't ask for a follow-up once denied.
d. Advice to Experienced Delegates
When a first-time delegate lacks valid reasoning due to inadequate case presentation, the recommended approach is to help them and steer them toward a general direction. This not only helps the delegate gain a clearer idea of their position but also gives you a reputation for being responsible and attentive — and often earns you an ally.
When a delegate does present a valid, well-justified case, the better strategy is to seek middle ground that encourages their support: listen, ask questions to fully understand their stance, and consider introducing modifications such as new clauses or amendments. Any proposed additions should be carefully incorporated so they align with the core objectives of the proposal without substantially diluting its main ideas.
10. This Year's SISMUN Committees
a. General Assembly (GA)
The General Assembly is a committee present in every MUN and a common pick among beginning delegates. The UN's main policy-making body, the GA is made up of all member nations, each with one vote, and deals with a broad variety of world concerns including international law, development, peace, and security. In an MUN setting, the GA committee mimics the discussions and arguments of the real UN General Assembly. Members participate in diplomatic, productive discussions to write, negotiate, and approve resolutions addressing serious global issues, often on behalf of several member nations.
Topics for this year:
Combating Arms and Drug Trafficking in Developing Countries.
The Exploitation of Children in Food Production Industries in Africa.
Delegates of GA will:
Perform their opening speeches.
Gather with their allies.
Draft a resolution.
Present their resolution.
Debate with other delegates to vote for their resolution as the solution to the topic.
Present amendments.
Proceed with a voting procedure.
Delegates from specific UN member nations serve on the GA committee and must extensively examine the foreign policy of their allocated nation, previous stances on pertinent subjects, and current events that could affect their opinion — considering the cultural, economic, and political context of their delegation's home nation.
b. Human Rights Council (HRC)
The Human Rights Council plays an important role in a conference focused on promoting and preserving human rights worldwide. The UN's specialist council on global human rights concerns and breaches, the HRC gives participants a singular chance to engage with the complexity of human rights diplomacy and advocacy by simulating the conversations and decisions made by this genuine UN council.
Delegates from diverse member nations collaborate to produce resolutions and engage in diplomatic negotiations to solve human rights issues. To argue successfully during committee meetings, participants are expected to investigate the history, policies, and human rights record of their allocated nation.
Topics for this year:
The Prevention of Attacks on Hospitals and Medical Facilities in Gaza.
The Protection of Human Rights and Civilians in Jenin Amidst Ongoing Conflict.
c. Security Council (SC)
The Security Council is found in most Model UN conferences and discusses issues threatening different nations' or worldwide security and safety. It differs from standard committees such as HRC and GA in many ways, as it follows the special Ad Hoc procedure.
Topics for this year:
Addressing the Digital Divide and Its Implications for Regional Peace, Security, and Development.
The North Korean Nuclear Issue and Its Implications for International Security.
Seating — SC is always seated in a U-shape.
Opening speeches — read as usual, but delegates ask each other Points of Information (questions) on their opening speeches.
Resolution structure — SC delegates are not required to submit full resolutions; instead they submit a single clause, though it must be significantly longer than a standard clause (recommended minimum ~3 pages), with a broad heading and heavy detail in sub-clauses.
Debating style — Ad Hoc, meaning fewer procedural rules and more focused discussion. When giving Points of Information, a delegate does NOT need to ask for a follow-up before asking their question.
Degrees — a main submitter can limit the number of follow-ups (e.g., “to the third degree” means only 3 follow-ups are allowed); this is not recommended for a delegate aiming for Best Delegate.
Contracts — signing contracts with other delegates is recommended in SC, ensuring delegates can count on each other's votes in war or when submitting a clause. Contracts are not a 100% guarantee, as they can be broken.
Delegations — SC consists of 15 delegates: 5 permanent (the P5 — United States of America, United Kingdom, Russia, China, and France) and 10 non-permanent. Only the P5 hold veto power.
Blocs — during lobbying and merging there are usually three blocs on a topic: one for, one against, and one neutral, with about 5 delegates in each.
Veto Power — during submission of a clause, one of the P5 may veto it if it goes against their country's beliefs, automatically striking the clause if the 4 remaining P5 members agree. If they disagree, the other veto powers can “veto the veto,” triggering war procedure. Veto can be invoked only once per country per topic (2 vetoes total per country across the conference).
War Procedure — during a war, delegates split into three parties: allies of the invading party, allies of the invaded party, and a neutral party. Both sides choose a leader to give war speeches aimed at convincing neutral members to join a side. Delegates then submit anonymous votes, counted by the chairing panel, to determine the winner. The winning party may redraw the borders of other parties' countries and rename their delegations across all committees. Neutral parties are usually bribed with something they desire from a party in the war to guarantee their vote.
11. Conference Day Checklist
☐ Printed position paper (multiple copies)
☐ Research file / country profile
☐ Pre-written opening speech draft
☐ Pre-drafted operative clauses ready for lobbying
☐ Notepad, legal pads, and pens/highlighters
☐ Formal business attire (FBA)
☐ Country placard (provided by the conference, or brought if required)
☐ Laptop or notebook, charger, and peripheral devices
☐ Water and snacks
Good luck, delegates — the world's safety is in your hands!